Tata Ace- Case Study

Showcasing STRATEGIES ASSIGNMENT â€Å"TATA ACE† CASE STUDY 1) Why do we feel Tata Motors was focusing on LCV (Light Commercial Vehicle) portion under business section for TATA ACE? †††Better parkway frameworks like the Golden Quadrilateral implied that Commercial vehicles in 45+ Tons could convey mass burdens covering enormous separations in shorter time and at lower per ton per km cost. Government additionally approached the undertaking of improving street arrange between medium estimated urban areas and furthermore fabricating all climate tertiary street organize covering rustic towns-just littler and rough vehicles could work on these streets ( Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadhak Yojana).Increased blockage and contamination in the greater part of the urban areas constrained the legislature to manage the development of Large/Heavy trucks (bigger than four tons) in the urban areas. Goodbye engines considered the above essential factors in deciding the requirement fo r huge business vehicles for the roadways and littler sub 4 Ton classification business vehicle for working on both Inter city/Town and Intra city street network.Ruling out the chance of growing huge business vehicles because of the significant expense of improvement and dreading loss of incomes from their specialty standard size truck section, Tata engines chose to create TATA ACE focusing on the Light Commercial Vehicle Segment. Additionally helping their choice procedure were some key strategy activities: †Discouraging the utilization of Old. Contaminating and uneconomical vehicles Scrapping of >15 years old vehicles Ban on over-burdening of vehicle. ) Highlight the Key result of Market Research which was directed before propelling TATA ACE and do we think there was a hole which can be tended to by a Product like TATA ACE? Statistical surveying including meeting of more than 4000 truck and three wheeler administrators over the length and broadness of the nation featured t he accompanying needs, however there was an area which opined that even a three wheeler under TATA pennant would be invited by the market: (I) Owning cost of the vehicle ought not surpass INR 200,000/(ii) Fuel Efficiency. Diminish â€Å"per ton per km† cost. iii) Maneuverability of three wheeler yet with more elevated level of a. Wellbeing b. Strength c. Roughness d. Unwavering quality e. Higher payload f. Solace of a four wheeled truck. (iv) And at long last â€Å"Personal Motivation† to drive a four wheeler to upgrade the status of administrators in the general public and in this way make transportation business people . Goodbye Motors tended to all the key prerequisites of the market with TATA ACE, A four wheeler with affordable evaluating, Fuel Efficient motor, pay heap of 1750 kgs and inherent security highlights including upgraded comfort. ) How was Segmentation and Targeting accomplished for TATA ACE? As a Functional division, Tata engines concluded that the ACE would address the range of LCV to ship 750 †1500 kgs more than 100-200 kms and position it between the Rickshaws/Cart and Pick up trucks; meeting the utilitarian needs of various clients. They likewise further divided this useful portioned clients into four gatherings viz. , †Performance delicate (7%) o Interested in status, Brand picture and speed o Willing to follow through on greater expenses for highlights Current proprietors/administrators of bigger SUVs or vehicles. †Balanced point of view (25%) o Return on Investment o Comfort and highlights o Owners †Entrepreneurs o Purchasing three wheeler, because of nonattendance of another option. †Return on Investment delicate (55%) o Per Ton per Km cost o No incentive for Non-financial buy contemplations o Generally armada proprietors/administrators who employed drivers †Acquisition cost obliged (13%) o Lacked credit o Could not bear the cost of for somewhat costly vehicles. o Prefer three wheelerFinally they recognized a gathering that couldn't bear the cost of any mechanized vehicle; utilizing bullock and pony trucks, cycle carts, manual force trucks. Anyway this gathering after some time can go up and be a TATA ACE client. In view of practical and client division and furthermore considering possible development of the market , TATA Motors evaluated and focused on: †45% of the ACE’s clients wanting to buy 3 Wheeler †15% from potential pickup and LCV buyers †and 40% from first time CV buyers. 4) Explain the Marketing Mix 4P's [Product, Price, Place, Promotion] technique adjusted for TATA ACE?Product: TATA ACE was intended to address three significant client needs as far as item ie. , †Overloading ability †2 chamber water cooled motor, in view of the demonstrated Indica diesel motor †Safety, Comfort and tasteful contemplations Price: Though the cost obviously was higher at ' 225,000 as against ' 100,000-200,000, they tended to the Per ton per km cost. Goodbye Ace would cost Rs. 6. 70 for conveying one ton of merchandise over per km as against '7. 88, their closest rival could offer and section normal of ' 8. 54. Place:Tata engines chose to turn out in stage starting with 5 states in Western and Southern pieces of India; where the interest for three wheelers were high. They likewise benchmarked dispersion arrange against two and three wheeler vendor organize. In light of the information, they grew new business group called 1S (Sales), as against customary 3S vendor organize. Each current Tata Motors 3S Dealer (Sales, Service and Spares) was required to set up 8 to 20 1S habitats in their locale and staff them with existing workers. Inside 3 months 300 new circulation focuses were set up.Promotion: Tata engines utilized both Print and TV media to position and advance the item. †Chota Hathi †Symbol of Power, Reliability and â€Å"Mini† item A kid racing to class, Wife seeing off for the afternoon, Off to Work in Tata Ace and Going to School in Tata Ace. Additionally their situating articulations viz. , o India’s first Mini truck o Small is Big o Stability and Trust of large truck o Economic freedom o Feel great about punch o Transportation at the last mile 5) What is the present pattern of TATA ACE. Who are their rivals and recommend a future advances taken for TATA ACE?Present day contenders are : †Mahindra Gio †Mahindra Maxximo †Piagio Ape Mini Truck Force Trump Minidor. A couple of steps proposed for TATA ACE to keep on being the top dealer are: †Continue to advance and ring in changes to make the vehicle more eco-friendly. Increment motor torque to show execution in sloping areas Continue to control expenses and offer serious cost to clients Increase Go Green activity with increment in ENG and Electric drive variations Target trade advertise forcefully; with the two highlights and better evaluating.

Projects Closure Free Essays

Shutting a Project Projects are by definition, impermanent undertaking with initiation and closure periods. Wysocki (2012) recognized task conclusion as the fifth procedure bunch in PMLC where the last item got from the undertaking is introduced to the customer as indicated by details. The topic of â€Å"how all around did you do? † will be replied when customer favors of the yield, resource/yield gets introduced, review tests post-usage status and a last report submitted. We will compose a custom article test on Undertakings Closure or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The client’s acknowledgment of a venture deliverable is a significant achievement as it gets under way a key action called â€Å"closure† which successfully finishes the undertaking life cycle. (Wysocki, 2012) additionally distinguished shutting a procedure that includes the accompanying achievements: I. Getting customer acknowledgment ii. Guaranteeing that all expectations are introduced iii. Guaranteeing that documentation is set up iv. Getting customer approve the last report v. Directing post-usage review vi. Commending the achievement Customer Acceptance †As a key trigger for venture conclusion and a significant achievement to each PM, customer acknowledgment means that undertaking yield meets details and accordingly, finishes the â€Å"temporary endeavour† called venture. At this stage, the task expectations are checked on and a decision is passed by the customer. This can be through a proper acknowledgment test methodology (ATP) between the customer and the venture group where the task group exhibit key highlights of the undertaking to affirm customers desires while the customer keeps an agenda to guarantee consistence with scope equirements. In NLNG venture conclusion technique requires a careful client acknowledgment test (UAT) with the undertaking patrons and end/super-clients meeting the task taking care of firm before a task is proclaimed shut. Customer acknowledgment can likewise be casual for little undertakings that require just datelines or a couple of expectations set up. A concise hand-ove r service or a correspondence to the customer by the PM is adequate. Most people group advancement extends in NLNG don't require a formal UAT. Establishment of Project Deliverables †After UAT venture yields/deliverable are introduced and a â€Å"go-live† is announced. Establishment of undertaking yields as indicated by Wysocki (2012, 314 †315) can adopt any of the four strategies viz; staged, cut-over, equal or by specialty unit. Staged establishment as the name infers, takes a tiny bit at a time establishment of undertaking expectations in a particular request. Expansive re-association ventures are likely models here. Cut-out establishment replaces an old framework with another one after the new framework is tried in a test domain. Most redesign venture are introduced utilizing this methodology. Equal establishment requires the new expectations introduced while the old is as yet running. This is alluded to as â€Å"parallel run† in IT anticipates as it allows a relative investigation of the two frameworks. By-specialty unit establishment is the place venture expectations are spread around specialty units that may essentially be in one area. Task documentation †Young (2010) noticed that venture documentation includes Project Closure Report, Post Implementation Review Report and information chronicling that will be utilized to gauge project’s achievement in term of results as characterized at the early arranging stage. Task documentation serves to monitor the undertaking plans, records of evaluations of key venture inputs, UAT exercises and how the progressions were overseen, difficulties and key learning focuses during venture execution and go-live. It additionally includes advancement of manuals for client preparing and different assets as might be required by the post go-live venture proprietors. Eventually, both customer and PMs have a job in what is the fate of venture documentation. While the PM guarantees that those records serve to give road to evaluating venture results, client’s comprehension of the archive is especially significant during and post go-live undertaking stages. Last Report close down: †An away from of venture documentation following a UAT will realize another achievement in venture close called â€Å"sign-off† where the customer officially acknowledge expectations as introduced nearby all the significant documentations. By this, the customer completely assumes liability of the task and since this is a post go-live circumstance, the customer acknowledges and close down the Project Closure Report which formalizes the conclusion of the venture. The report is in any case, typically arranged by the Project Manager and introduced to the customer or venture patron for close down. Post-Implementation Audit †This comes minutes after go-live to distinguish if venture objectives have been accomplished since the new/changes venture goes ahead board. It asses key venture objectives set toward the start, lengths and assets, offer accomplished, key learning focuses and what works (or not worked) since go-live. It is a review since it is embraced so as to guarantee consistence with set destinations. A post-execution review report is conveyed as narrative of the undertaking history featuring key task objectives and achievement factors, venture philosophies, hazard the executives procedures, customer fulfillment appraisal reports, and so on. The review report can serve to console venture proprietors of the advantages of the recently executed undertaking or it features significant difficulties/exposures of the new framework. While the previous approves starting venture destinations, the later opens up roads for fast mediation to alleviate misfortunes and worth disintegration because of the new undertaking. Observing Success †Part of undertaking close is a stately course of action to perceive that the venture has really finished. Most go-live exercises require expound festivities with keepsakes and adverts to proclaim the appearance of another venture. In NLNG, ventures go-live are praised with blessing/trinkets, rewards and different impetuses to extend colleagues and other pertinent gatherings. Network advancement ventures have social moves and other nearby occasions to go with. Business Risks Associated with Skipping Project Close-out †Project close out is a basic piece of PMLC as it answers the â€Å"how all around did you do† question and subsequently skipping it presents critical presentation to the task, however wide business or government assistance goals of customer. Non-conclusion additionally impacts on the PMs assets and corporate notoriety. Key dangers related with non-conclusion of ventures incorporate; ? Expanding inclination for non-usage of the whole venture or fizzled/part execution that wont be seen until a later period ? Nonappearance of customer acknowledgment test may hamper an appropriate UAT which ordinarily gives the road to tending to extend holes ? Inappropriate documentation will in the long run influence ideal use of task expectations. Additionally, nonattendance of client manuals could trigger abuse of venture yields and realize repeating cost of support ? Nonattendance of task establishment and hand-over uncovered the venture falling into an inappropriate hands as no appropriate change the board has been set up. ? Absence of customer close down opens the two gatherings to penetrate of agreement and suits while venture groups and backers may create enmity because of allegations, counter-allegations and habitual pettiness as undertaking dangers show. Absence of post-usage review may deny the customer the advantage of surveying venture goals/focuses against real outcomes post go-live. This involves all the dangers intrinsic in this new venture are absorbed and may not be handily tended to. References 1. Youthful, M. L. (2010) PM Hut: A Complete Guide to Closing Projects. Accessible at: http://www. pmhut. com/a-total manual for shutting ventures (Accessed: twentieth April, 2013) 2. Wysocki, R. K. (2012) Effective ven ture the board customary, deft, extraordinary, fourth Edition. Wiley, Indianapolis. The most effective method to refer to Projects Closure, Papers

New and Useful Information on How to Become a Perfusionist

New and Useful Information on How to Become a Perfusionist There are many careers you can choose from and one of the most desired is in the medical field.Although the reasons for this may vary, most people love the thought of saving lives and treating the sick.Not everyone though.Some people dread the sight of bloodâ€"including their ownâ€"thus cannot take certain career paths.All in all, every career choice is important since there are different needs in the society.One very important, though not widely-known career is that of the perfusionist. It is one of the many careers in the medical field.Like other careers, it has its own unique characteristics.Perfusionists work as part of the teams which perform surgeries. Especially heart surgeries.If you thought that surgeries are only carried out by surgeons with the help of nurses, we have some news for you.Surgeries which involve the heart cannot be carried out without these individuals.Moreover, they handle patients who are in the ICU in need of assistance with their hearts and lungs.WHAT DOE S A PERFUSIONIST DO?  A perfusionist is a trained professional whose role in the operating room and ICU entail operating the machines which keep the patients alive.In the operating room, their expertise is required, more so during operations like open-heart surgeries. This is a surgery which involves stopping the heart from beating.Some of the reasons for an open-heart surgery are a weakened heart, a blocked or partially-blocked artery or other problems affecting the functioning of the heart.For an open-heart surgery to be successful, the heart should not be pumping blood.However, the patient has to stay alive and important organs like the brain and kidneys need oxygenated blood.In order for this to happen, the patients life is sustained through a process called Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB).Cardiopulmonary Bypass is the process by which blood is directed to flow out of the human body and into a machine.The machine is commonly known as the cardiopulmonary bypass pump or heart-lung ma chine.Perfusionists also work in the ICUs.This happens when a patient with a heart or lung problem is either brought in or awaits a surgery. To keep them alive, the heart lung machine is used until the necessary corrective action has been taken.This is where the Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) machines are used. This is more popularly known as life support.It can either be a case of awaiting a heart or lung transplant or the implanting of a Ventricular Assist Device (VAD).This is a mechanical pump used in situations where the patient has a heart failure or a very weakened heart.Perfusionists use their knowledge and medical expertise to set up and operate the machines.They will also be involved in monitoring the patient to ensure everything is working well. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PERFUSIONISTAs with other careers, there are certain character traits which are common among perfusionists.These are what enable them stand by the surgeons and work with the patients before and afte r the operation.Below are some of them.Detail OrientedTo be a perfusionist, you must have an eye for details. The machines you will be handling provide you with a lot of information to enable you make the right decisions.More than that, as you set up and run the equipment for a specific patient, you need to be careful to do the right thing.Some of the things you may need to check or set include the levels of oxygen in the blood as well as the blood pressure.If you were to increase the blood pressure or reduce it too much, you could endanger the life of the patient.In this field, a difference of 0.1 could be too big to ignore.Considering the number of negligence cases in the medical field, you certainly cannot afford to be part of those statistics. In the case of a perfusionist, it is literally a matter of life and death.This is the reason you are in that operation room in the first place.If you are not very keen with small details, then this career path may not be for you.Level-Hea dedEver seen accident victims being wheeled into the emergency room?The nurses clear the way, orders are shouted about what to be prepared, there are broken limbs and severe bleeding needs to be stopped.Such are the day-to-day cases experienced by the JPS Health Network’s Trauma Department. As a perfusionist, you will be called in and this is the picture of what you will see upon entering the operating room.What would you do?Would you cringe and start pitying the victim?That’s not for perfusionists.They maintain their calm in such situations. They understand the severity of the situation and may need to be briefed about it.But they will not be moved by emotions.You will have to learn to contain yourself and maintain a calm demeanor in this career.This is important because to operate the machinery which will support someone’s life requires a sober mind.For you to accurately determine what needs to be done, you have to stay calm.Ability to Concentrate for Long PeriodsOperations can be lengthy and complicated. Some run up to 6 hours.During such times, you can become tired and stressed.Yet you still have a duty to keep going till the procedure is finished.Remember that you are responsible for a very important part of the whole procedure.You are the one controlling the machine which is acting like the heart and lungs of the patient.A slight mistake could cause extensive damage.It is critical that you have the ability to stay focused throughout the operation.Something else, you should not just be present and looking alert but should be participating in the procedure.This is to enable you give the surgeon relevant information he may need to know.Physically and Mentally FitPhysical and mental fitness are a must in this career. To maintain high levels of concentration in emergencies and throughout the procedures being performed, fitness is necessary.You will need to stay alert for long hours without getting tired.Staying focused during long procedures requires yo ur mind to be in tip-top condition.Although there are many brain exercises you can do to increase memory or increase concentration, physical fitness helps keep your mind healthy enough.Good CommunicatorOne of the most important skills needed for this job is communication.As a perfusionist, you will never work alone. Whether in the operating room, ICU or working with other professionals to develop medical machines, it is always a team effort.Where teams are concerned, there has to be good communication.When you are working alongside surgeons and nurses during an operation, you will keep them informed about many aspects of the patient’s health.You are the one to advise on any issues concerning the patient’s blood and any medications needed.You will also be responsible for updating the whole team on the patient’s overall status, particularly his circulation and respiration.Watch the below video showing good communication between the various medical professionals in an operating r oom. Ability to Work Under PressureDoctors, and in particular surgeons, are known to work under extreme pressure.Always being available for emergencies and sacrificing much convenience for the sake of saving other people’s lives.Theirs is true service to others.The same applies to their team members, including perfusionist.With the ever-increasing cases of heart disease and the operations required to correct them, there will not be an end to the pressure involved.Are you willing to work long hours without a break? Are you willing to be called to work on the weekend? What about when having dinner at home?Have a Strong Sense of ResponsibilityPerfusionists literally hold the lives of patients in their hands. When an open-heart surgery is taking place, the heart has to be stopped from pumping blood so as to be operated on.This is where the heart-lung machine operated by the perfusionist comes in.It takes over the role of the heart and lungs.The person running the machine has to be car eful enough to ensure the safety of the patient.Any amount of negligence can easily lead to death.It is this realization that helps keep the perfusionist alert.But this alertness does not come simply from being taught in school. It has to come from within.As a perfusionist, you need to understand from within yourself, that you are largely responsible for the life of the person on the operating table.This will keep you on your toes while the procedure is underway.QUALIFICATIONS FOR BECOMING A PERFUSIONISTWith all that perfusion entails, there are qualifications required in order to practice in this field.Like most careers, the education is a basic requirement.Add to that some hands-on training and you will be good to go.Here is what you need to do to be in this career.1. Enroll in an accredited perfusion education program.Everything starts in class and not all schools can teach you about perfusion.There are schools which are accredited for this training and it is from these you are s upposed to get your training.Here is a list of the accredited schools.Some of the subjects you can expect to cover include cardiac anatomy and perfusion devices. Some of the perfusion devices include artificial hearts (blood pump), artificial lungs (oxygenator) and artificial kidneys (hemodialysis).2. Undergo Clinical TrainingThe nature of the job of a perfusionist demands that you have practical experience as part of the training.This is why some practical course work is necessary.You will need to perform at least 75 perfusions while under supervision in order to qualify for certification.The institution you are training in can help you by arranging for these.3. Get CertifiedBeing certified as a perfusionist will require you to pass some exams administered by the American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion (ABCP).These exams come in two parts and they are multiple choice exams.The first part is referred to as Perfusion Basic Science Examination (PBSE).The second part is called Clini cal Applications in Perfusion Examination (CAPE).These exams should be taken after graduation from an accredited cardiovascular perfusion education program.You must pass both these exams in order to be certified.4. Obtain a LicenseOnce you have passed the certification exam, you are ready for practice.The only thing which can keep you from working is a state license.Check with your state whether a perfusionist license is required before practice.5. Renew Your CertificationYou will have to renew your certification every year in order to keep practicing. Certificate renewal ensures that your knowledge and skills are up to date.Apart from documenting up to 40 annual clinical activities, you have to do 45 Continuing Education Unit (CEU) every three years.CAREER DETAILSMany people are not aware of this career because it doesn’t get the spotlight. Everyone knows of surgeons and nurses but not perfusionists. As you have learned by reading this far, this is an important career. And a rewa rding one too, if you are interested in saving livesâ€"literally.The reason it has not been known much is probably because there haven’t been many cases of open-heart surgeries. It is only until recently that the baby boomer generation has made heart diseases become a nationally-recognized problem.Many are suffering from heart diseases thus increasing the number of surgeries being requested and done.Below we feature some aspects of this career to help you decide whether it is for you.It pays well.For the critical role which perfusionists play, they are certainly paid well. This would be expected since it is only fair to show appreciation for the services offered.The average salary in this career is $129,348 as of January 31, 2019. This is according to salary.com. The range is usually between $116,091 and $141,229.This is an impressive figure which can easily attract anyone to the career.To be paid among the highest, you will need to have more education, certifications and obviousl y, more experience.The longer you have stayed in the career, the more of an authority you are.Meaning more money.It is technology-driven.Technology has transformed the world and it will keep doing so.Apart from the revolutions in life coming through smartphones and social media, the medical field has also benefited from technology.With health conditions becoming more difficult to accurately diagnose and treat, many scientists have dedicated their lives to research.Among these advancements are the equipment used by medical professionals when handling various conditions.These are always going through improvements as science discovers new and better ways of handling the diagnosed conditions.For example, the heart-lung machine has experienced some improvements over the years.Encyclopedia.com has a history of this machine from where you can see the improvements brought about by technology and scientific research.The first heart-lung machine was the results of much dedicated research and work from an American surgeon by the name John H. Gibbon, Jr (1903-1974).The decision to undertake this project was a response to the death of a young patient who died of blocked lung circulation.After much work, the first successful operation with a heart-lung machine with the new machine was done in 1953.An 18-year-old patient’s heart was stopped for 26 minutes and a surgery done to close a hole in it.The original machine was huge, complex and required many pints of blood to be primed.Compared to the machines in use today, there has been a big improvement.Modern machines are relatively small and can be wheeled around with ease.Who knows what the future holds?If you wold love to work in the midst of technology while in the medical field, this could be a career worth considering.Offers great potential for growth.The perfusion career is not limited to the operating room or the ICU in public hospitals and universities.Whereas it is a good idea to start there and have some experience , you can also be employed by privately-practicing surgeons.There will however be some pros and cons to consider.For example, you may be able to get more personalized training as opposed to when working at the hospital.Nevertheless, the pay may actually be less than what a graduate gets from some of the public hospitals.Apart from the option of where to work, there are other alternatives you can go with in your practice of perfusion.For example, after gaining some experience, you could work with equipment manufacturers.The knowledge and experience you have will help them develop better machines for the market.You will be involved in the research, testing and any other stage of the process.If you feel adventurous, you can venture into sales. You can be employed as a technical sales manager, director or any similar position.You will essentially be responsible for giving technical details of the equipment and helping decision makers understand the uniqueness of the machine you’re sel ling.That can be a good opportunity to champion a solution.Another option to consider is being a perfusion educator.You can choose to be one of the teachers in perfusion schools and share your knowledge and experience.If you love mentoring people to do great things, then teaching is a good choice.CONCLUSIONDo you have the traits needed to be a perfusionist?In case you don’t but desire to be one, you can learn them.Be willing to make changes to your habits and get the education.

All About the Speed of Light and What It Measures

Light moves through the universe at the fastest speed astronomers can measure. In fact, the speed of light is a cosmic speed limit, and nothing is known to move faster. How fast does light move? This limit can be measured and it also helps define our understanding of the universes size and age. What Is Light: Wave or Particle? Light travels fast, at a velocity of 299, 792, 458 meters per second. How can it do this? To understand that, its helpful to know what light actually is and thats largely a 20th-century discovery. The nature of light was a great mystery for centuries. Scientists had trouble grasping the concept of its wave and particle nature.  If it was a wave what did it propagate through? Why did it appear to travel at the same speed in all directions? And, what can the speed of light tell us about the cosmos?  It wasnt until Albert Einstein described this theory of special relativity in 1905 it all came into focus. Einstein argued that space and time were relative and that the speed of light was the constant that connected the two. What Is the Speed of Light? It is often stated that the speed of light is constant and that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light. This isnt entirely accurate. The value of 299,792,458 meters per second (186,282 miles per second) is the speed of light in a vacuum.  However, light actually slows down as it passes through different media. For instance, when it moves through glass, it slows down to about two-thirds of its speed in a vacuum.  Even in air, which is nearly a vacuum, light slows down slightly. As it moves through space, it encounters clouds of gas and dust, as well as gravitational fields, and those can change the speed a tiny bit. The clouds of gas and dust also absorb some of the light as it passes through. This phenomenon has to do with the nature of light, which is an electromagnetic wave. As it propagates through a material its electric and magnetic fields disturb the charged particles that it comes in contact with. These disturbances then cause the particles to radiate light at the same frequency, but with a phase shift. The sum of all these waves produced by the disturbances will lead to an electromagnetic wave with the same frequency as the original light, but with a shorter wavelength and, hence a slower speed. Interesting, as fast as light moves, its path can be bent as it passes by regions in space with intense gravitational fields. This is fairly easily seen in galaxy clusters, which contain a lot of matter (including dark matter), which warps the path of light from more distant objects, such as quasars. Gravitational lensing and how it works. Light from a distant object passes by a closer object with a strong gravitational pull. The light is bent and distorted and that creates images of the more distant object.   NASA Lightspeed and Gravitational Waves Current theories of physics predict that gravitational waves also travel at the speed of light, but this is still being confirmed as scientists study the phenomenon of gravitational waves from colliding black holes and neutron stars. Otherwise, there are no other objects that travel that fast. Theoretically, they can get close to the speed of light, but not faster. One exception to this may be space-time itself. It appears that distant galaxies are moving away from us faster than the speed of light. This is a problem that scientists are still trying to understand. However, one interesting consequence of this is that a travel system based on the idea of a warp drive. In such a technology, a spacecraft is at rest relative to space and its actually space that moves, like a surfer riding a wave on the ocean. Theoretically, this might allow for superluminal travel. Of course, there are other practical and technological limitations that stand in the way, but its an interesting science-fiction idea that is getting some scientific interest.   Travel Times for Light One of the questions that astronomers get from members of the public is: how long would it take light to go from object X to Object Y? Light gives them a very accurate way to measure the size of the universe by defining distances. Here are a few of the common ones distance measurements: The Earth to the Moon: 1.255 secondsThe Sun to Earth: 8.3 minutesOur Sun to the next closest star: 4.24 yearsAcross our Milky Way  galaxy: 100,000 yearsTo the closest  spiral galaxy (Andromeda): 2.5 million yearsLimit of the observable universe to Earth: 13.8 billion years Interestingly, there are objects that are beyond our ability to see simply because the universe IS expanding, and some are over the horizon beyond which we cannot see. They will never come into our view, no matter how fast their light travels. This is one of the fascinating effects of living in an expanding universe.   Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen

The Battle Over Admission Essay Writing Help and How to Win It

The Battle Over Admission Essay Writing Help and How to Win It Another style of starting this kind of essay is to describe some event and analyze its consequences. Once you receive a notion of where your research will likely head, you can begin writing your introduction. Its principal job is to provide an immediate idea about what issues the essay is likely to cover with further reading. You will see countless strategies to study more effectively, or make the the majority of your time whilst investigating an essay. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Admission Essay Writing Help It is much simpler to entrust work to experts! In the event you could not discover someone nearby, consider using proofreading services of on-line essay help providers. Make you will need some significant assistance, it's important to. After the word help in the industry of academic or non-academic writings come, then you ought to think about our custom writing service company. 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To What Extent Should We Place Trust in the Government These Days Free Essays

To what extent should we place trust in the government these days? It is said by American President Barack Obama, †If the people cannot trust their government to do the job for which it exists – to protect them and to promote their common welfare – all else is lost. † From here, we know the importance of people putting trust in their government. However, we can only place trust in them if they are able to take care of their citizens, fulfilling their needs and acting responsibly in the best interest of the citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Should We Place Trust in the Government These Days? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Recently, there seem to be an increase in reasons for us to distrust our government for they are fulfilling less of their duties as the leaders of the nation. Firstly, we should remain skeptical about the government due to the simple fact that the government comprises of humans, and as we all know, no human is perfect. As Gandhi said, †Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed. † With scientific research stating that the humans are born to be greedy, the innate greed in the government officials might be a dangerous trait. For the government, their greed would result in various forms of corruption such as bribery and extortion, negatively impacting the lives of the citizens. For example in sub-Saharan African nations, about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors. Instead they were lavished to support the costly high-end lives of the government officials. This problem is not only limited to the developing countries. World wide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. Due to the innate greed in human nature, it is evident that many times, the government will not do what is best for the people. Instead, they would think of themselves first, thus we should not place our complete trust in the government. Secondly, governments are no longer taking care of the needs of the citizens as well as they did. There are basic needs that one should be entitled to, needs such as education and healthcare, and the government should ensure that its citizens get those needs. However, these days many countries are unable to fulfill their citizens’ needs. In countries such as Greece, level of healthcare accessible to the public has also been on the decrease due to the recent economic crisis. Five austerity programmes within the space of two and a half years have reduced the health system in Greece to the level of a developing country and stripped working people of the basic right to adequate medical care. Most hospitals lack essential basic materials such as disposable gloves, plaster and catheters. Poorer women have to give birth at home because they cannot afford a hospital birth, which can cost â‚ ¬700-â‚ ¬1,500. On top of that, control of infectious diseases is no longer guaranteed due to the lower standards of hygiene throughout Greece. Chronic respiratory diseases, skin diseases and tuberculosis are all on the increase. Outbreaks of malaria infections have been reported in five parts of the country, although the disease had been thought be eradicated in 1974. It can be seen that the government do not have the ability to ensure the basic wellbeing of their citizens thus we should place less trust in the government these days. Thirdly, in many countries, governments are restricting many of the basic rights of people. These rights belong without presumption or cost of privilege to all human beings. However, in many countries, in the excuse to protect national security, the government often stripped the citizens of those rights. Under these kind of circumstances, it is of no surprise why the citizens might not trust the government. For example, in China, the freedom of speech in media and press is largely limited. They have strict censorship rules that include all capable of reaching a wide audience including television, print media, Internet, text messaging and even video games. These rules will greatly limit the ability for press to act as the 4th estate in the country and their ability to keep the government in check. After the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, many people who tried to report on the shabby construction of schools faced severed punishment. Liu Shaokun, a Sichuan school teacher, was detained for disseminating rumors and destroying social order after taking photos of collapsed school buildings, and putting them online. With these kind of censorship rules in placed, the citizens would no longer have the faith and confidence in their government as they are denied of the truth of the happenings in their country. Thus, less trust are placed in the government these days. However, there are some people who feel that there has been an increase in trust in the government. 2012 Edelman Trust Barometer conducted by Edelman Public Relations has revealed that Singaporeans are the third most trusting of their government. They account this to the strong economy, high social security and high standard of living in Singapore. Despite those statistics, the new generation of Singaporeans are placing less and less trust in the government. The parliament of Singapore was traditionally dominated by People’s Action Party and the decrease in trust in the leading party was seen when Worker’s Party, an opposition party, won it’s first Group Representation Constituency in the 2011 general elections. The recent political scandals in Singapore have shaken the trust placed in the government too. Just a month ago, member of parliament, Michael Palmer, announced his resignation after confessing he had an extramarital affair with a community worker. This caused various debates among the citizens that questions the credibility of the parliament speakers. These debates further illustrates the declining trust placed in the government. In conclusion, I feel that people around the world are beginning to lose trust in the government. They no longer feel that the government is able to act to their best interest and that their needs are not fulfilled. They are beginning to be unsure of their government’s choices and question the transparency of their leaders. Thus, I do not think that we should trust our government to a large extent. How to cite To What Extent Should We Place Trust in the Government These Days?, Essay examples To What Extent Should We Place Trust in the Government These Days Free Essays To what extent should we place trust in the government these days? It is said by American President Barack Obama, †If the people cannot trust their government to do the job for which it exists – to protect them and to promote their common welfare – all else is lost. † From here, we know the importance of people putting trust in their government. However, we can only place trust in them if they are able to take care of their citizens, fulfilling their needs and acting responsibly in the best interest of the citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Should We Place Trust in the Government These Days? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Recently, there seem to be an increase in reasons for us to distrust our government for they are fulfilling less of their duties as the leaders of the nation. Firstly, we should remain skeptical about the government due to the simple fact that the government comprises of humans, and as we all know, no human is perfect. As Gandhi said, †Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed. † With scientific research stating that the humans are born to be greedy, the innate greed in the government officials might be a dangerous trait. Government Regulation on Media in America iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/government-regulation-on-media-in-america/embed/#?secret=Ms4FVMbd0X" data-secret="Ms4FVMbd0X" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Government Regulation on Media in America#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe For the government, their greed would result in various forms of corruption such as bribery and extortion, negatively impacting the lives of the citizens. For example in sub-Saharan African nations, about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors. Instead they were lavished to support the costly high-end lives of the government officials. This problem is not only limited to the developing countries. World wide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. Due to the innate greed in human nature, it is evident that many times, the government will not do what is best for the people. Instead, they would think of themselves first, thus we should not place our complete trust in the government. Secondly, governments are no longer taking care of the needs of the citizens as well as they did. There are basic needs that one should be entitled to, needs such as education and healthcare, and the government should ensure that its citizens get those needs. However, these days many countries are unable to fulfill their citizens’ needs. In countries such as Greece, level of healthcare accessible to the public has also been on the decrease due to the recent economic crisis. Five austerity programmes within the space of two and a half years have reduced the health system in Greece to the level of a developing country and stripped working people of the basic right to adequate medical care. Most hospitals lack essential basic materials such as disposable gloves, plaster and catheters. Poorer women have to give birth at home because they cannot afford a hospital birth, which can cost â‚ ¬700-â‚ ¬1,500. On top of that, control of infectious diseases is no longer guaranteed due to the lower standards of hygiene throughout Greece. Chronic respiratory diseases, skin diseases and tuberculosis are all on the increase. Outbreaks of malaria infections have been reported in five parts of the country, although the disease had been thought be eradicated in 1974. It can be seen that the government do not have the ability to ensure the basic wellbeing of their citizens thus we should place less trust in the government these days. Thirdly, in many countries, governments are restricting many of the basic rights of people. These rights belong without presumption or cost of privilege to all human beings. However, in many countries, in the excuse to protect national security, the government often stripped the citizens of those rights. Under these kind of circumstances, it is of no surprise why the citizens might not trust the government. For example, in China, the freedom of speech in media and press is largely limited. They have strict censorship rules that include all capable of reaching a wide audience including television, print media, Internet, text messaging and even video games. These rules will greatly limit the ability for press to act as the 4th estate in the country and their ability to keep the government in check. After the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, many people who tried to report on the shabby construction of schools faced severed punishment. Liu Shaokun, a Sichuan school teacher, was detained for disseminating rumors and destroying social order after taking photos of collapsed school buildings, and putting them online. With these kind of censorship rules in placed, the citizens would no longer have the faith and confidence in their government as they are denied of the truth of the happenings in their country. Thus, less trust are placed in the government these days. However, there are some people who feel that there has been an increase in trust in the government. 2012 Edelman Trust Barometer conducted by Edelman Public Relations has revealed that Singaporeans are the third most trusting of their government. They account this to the strong economy, high social security and high standard of living in Singapore. Despite those statistics, the new generation of Singaporeans are placing less and less trust in the government. The parliament of Singapore was traditionally dominated by People’s Action Party and the decrease in trust in the leading party was seen when Worker’s Party, an opposition party, won it’s first Group Representation Constituency in the 2011 general elections. The recent political scandals in Singapore have shaken the trust placed in the government too. Just a month ago, member of parliament, Michael Palmer, announced his resignation after confessing he had an extramarital affair with a community worker. This caused various debates among the citizens that questions the credibility of the parliament speakers. These debates further illustrates the declining trust placed in the government. In conclusion, I feel that people around the world are beginning to lose trust in the government. They no longer feel that the government is able to act to their best interest and that their needs are not fulfilled. They are beginning to be unsure of their government’s choices and question the transparency of their leaders. Thus, I do not think that we should trust our government to a large extent. How to cite To What Extent Should We Place Trust in the Government These Days?, Papers

The village people do not Review Essay Example

The village people do not Review Paper Essay on The village people do not Immediately brag, Ill add this book in the catalog! 🙂 It is in the Ukrainian language, but you turned out to be a lot of Ukrainians, he can not fail to please me. So, first of all, this review is for all the representatives of Ukraine and the other holding the Ukrainian language A few words about the author. Luko Dashvar a pen name Irina Chernova, screenwriter. It is this book became her literary debut, and immediately won the Coronation of the word competition in 2007. Looking ahead, I will say that the two subsequent books by this author, too, have been awarded all sorts of prizes, Luko Dashvar was a real event in the modern Ukrainian literature I can not wait to go actually to the novel: The village is not the people has the effect of a bomb !!!!! This you certainly never read, there are mixed so many genres that are not immediately and determine what to carry it. WARN book in many ways shocking: it was too realistic and hard (and occasionally went) the author describes the realities of the modern village and its inhabitants, the problem of adolescents, as well as opposition to the social sectors of society on the example of a particular deaf Ukrainian village We will write a custom essay sample on The village people do not Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The village people do not Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The village people do not Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer . the main character of the novel, thirteen Katya, can be called contemporary Lolita, the whole story revolves around her love for a grown man, the father of her classmates. In addition to this storyline in the book still present mysticism and folklore motifs that give it a unique flavor, and if still add language characters, generously laced with words from the vernacular, an unusually rapid development of the plot and the absolute unpredictability of events, you get one of the exciting book that you will ever read. I would also like to note that most likely, novel designed for the mentality of Ukrainian man, but I do not think that because of this it is not of interest to everyone else. This SOI and absorbs so much that you lose all sense of time, and if you take it in the evening, sleepless night you provided! And certainly do not start it in the morning before work, as one of my friends, you have the whole day can not do anything and will only think about it!

Aims and objectives of the study Essays

Aims and objectives of the study Essays Aims and objectives of the study Essay Aims and objectives of the study Essay The primary research objective of this study is to determine and discuss the key success factors (KSFs) that would ensure the success of a Russian-foreign venture agreement. The study will in particular focus on the IJVs immersed in the oil and natural gas industry. To implement this research objective, the research study aims to examine the history and trends on international joint ventures (IJVs) in Russia, the problems they encounter, and the KSFs that will ensure the success of starting IJVs in Russia. The study will make use of a review of related literature and case study analysis. Even though the thesis will focus on IJVs involved in the oil and natural gas industry, it will cite various case studies of other companies in other industries as well, in order to get a more comprehensive understanding of effective strategies for successful IJVs in Russia. In answering the primary research objective of this research, the thesis will further explore the following secondary research objectives: To provide a background on joint ventures (JVs) and international joint ventures (IJVS) as a whole, particularly as to their advantages and disadvantages. To understand the role of IJVs in Russia’s gas and oil industry. To highlight the problems that IJVs encounter in Russia which contribute to the high failure rate of many of these business arrangements. To identify the key success factors (KSF) that determine the success of IJVs in Russia, through case study analysis of IJVs in Russia. To examine the importance of the identified key success factors and the contribution of each factor to the success of IJVs. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This research study is relevant because it will seek to improve the success rate of international joint ventures (IJVs) investing in the Russian oil and gas industry by identifying the key success factors (KSF) that will ensure such success. The Russian oil and gas sector generated total revenues of $123. 5 billion in 2005. In 2003, the country’s energy exports accounted for one-fourth of Russia’s gross domestic product (GDP), opening the floodgates to droves of foreign investors excited to cash in on this booming industry (Energy Information Administration, 2005). Russia has also overtaken Saudi Arabia as the world’s leading oil and fuel exporter (Datamonitor, 2006). A huge bulk of investments in the Russian oil and gas industry comes from IJVs arrangements where many organizations set up jointly-owned business entities while at the same time maintaining their independence from each other (Johnson Scholes, 1999). Major American, Japanese, Norwegian, and English petroleum organizations have set up IJVs with local organizations in Russia, but despite the numbers, the failure rate of IJVs have by far outnumbered their success rates (Katsioloudes Isichenko, 2007). The alarming rate of failure of numerous IJVs in Russia poses as a serious threat to the development of the Russian energy industry, and on the country’s economic growth as a whole (Katsioloudes Isichenko, 2007). As such, this thesis is significant in that it will seek to provide recommendations that may help in reversing the increasing failure rates for IJVs in Russia’s energy industry. The findings of this research study can serve as guidelines that will help to ensure the success of an IJV in Russia, which in turn will contribute to the further development of the country’s gas and oil industry, and ultimately, to the improvement of the Russian economy as a whole. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY A joint venture (JV) constitutes a separate legal entity which is jointly-owned and jointly-managed by the two or more parent organizations, or the â€Å"venturers. † As a general rule, a JV must have the following essential characteristics: 1) a separately identifiable joint venture entity; 2) an ownership interest in such entity by each joint venturer; and 3) an active management involvement, or deliberate abdication of the right to such involvement, by each joint venturer (Eco-Legal and Management Advisory Services Limited, 2003). There are two kinds of joint ventures: the equity joint venture and the contractual joint venture. Joint ventures involve a 50/50 participation of both venture partners, wherein each contributes 50 percent of the equity in return for 50 percent participating control. The degrees of ownership and control, as well as the expected returns, are results of negotiations between the two contracting parties. Problems may arise at this point when parties negotiate their expected valuations or returns, particularly if the joint venture happens to be in a country with a controlled economy or when one party is contributing land or goods and that party happens to be from a country where such land or goods may not have readily ascertainable free market values (Eco-Legal and Management Advisory Services Limited, 2003). There are certain advantages to this 50/50 arrangement, the most obvious is that both partners are equally at risk and have equal rights and obligations as to each other. The Eco-Legal and Management Advisory Services Limited (2003) further provides for the following advantages for organizations that enter into JV agreements: A company with insufficient resources may utilize the financial resources of another company with similar needs or interests, especially with regard to embarking on a particular project. In such a case, both companies will bear the share the potential risks involved in the new venture and reduce the burden of investment costs since all expenses are split into two between the two companies involved. The parties may extend their capabilities and business opportunities by pooling together their resources, technology, and expertise. Either one of the parties may expand its market power or even expand into a foreign market with which it has no familiarity. A JV agreement is especially helpful because the venturer who is located in the country or area where the other venturer wishes to expand is more familiar with local business customs and trends. The challenges in forming JVs are not limited to those challenges experienced for Russian JVs and international joint ventures (IJVs) alone. Studies show that a majority of large JVs encounter serious financial or managerial problems within the first two years of operation. Some common difficulties encountered by joint ventures in general are listed below (Hewitt Associates, 2008): The philosophy governing expectations and objectives of the joint venture agreement is unclear. There is an imbalance in the level of investment and expertise brought to the joint venture by the two parent organizations. The senior leadership and management teams for the joint venture receive inadequate identification, support, and compensation. The JV partners possess disparate, and usually conflicting, organizational cultures and operational styles. The JV’s size is modest compared to the two parent organizations. Thus, poor or unclear leadership, different corporate cultures, and a poor integration process contribute greatly to the failure of JVs, by analogy, of IJVs as well. Similar to the challenges outlined by Hewitt Associates (2008), the Eco-Legal and Management Advisory Services Limited (2003) provide for the following similar challenges that may lead to the failure of JV agreements: In sum, entering into a joint venture agreement is definitely not for the faint of heart. JVs offer a host of benefits to the parties involved, but both parties cannot simply enter into an agreement without carefully weighing out the risks involved and coming to terms with goals, expectations, and capabilities of each party. What makes it especially harder for JVs and IJVs in Russia is that in addition to the challenges that JVs in general have to deal with – whether or not they are located in Russia – they also have to deal with other problems that are unique to the Russian business industry and economic milieu.

7 HUGE signs you aced your interview

7 HUGE signs you aced your interview Sometimes it’s all too apparent when a job interview hasn’t gone well- maybe there’s a cringeworthy statement you wish you could take back, or an icy glance from an interviewer who doesn’t seem to find your small talk very charming. But what differentiates an okay job interview from one you’ve just rocked? Here are some key signals that you’ve had a great interview. 1. The interviewer has positive body languageInterviewers are professionals (ideally!), but they’re also human. Sometimes the earliest indicator that things are going well is the immediate physical feedback you get. Is the person engaged in the conversation, or is she just asking rote questions? Are you getting a lot of positive affirmation, like nods and smiles or verbal agreement? This isn’t a foolproof way to gauge your progress (hey, some people are just very friendly), but it’s a great first clue.2. The interviewer asks you about your interest in the jobIf the interviewer asks you point blank if you’d be interested in the job, it’s not quite a job offer, but it’s a very positive sign. It may mean the person thinks that you’re a good candidate and they want to test out whether you’re serious about it before moving you to the next step. If the interviewer asks you about where else you’re interviewing, that’s also a good sign. If they weren’t interested in you, they probably wouldn’t be trying to gauge the competition or scoping out whether you’re likely to accept a potential job offer.3. You set up a second interview on the spotThe signs don’t get much clearer than this one. If they actively invite you back for another round of interviews, you’re in very good shape. But don’t forget that while a second interview is a great omen, it still means another round of prep. Aft er all, there could be other candidates coming back for a second interview as well, so it’s important not to go into the next interview thinking you have a job offer on the table just yet.4. You get a personal tourIf your interviewer brings you around the office to show you the space and introduce you to people, or calls people in to meet you, it shows they’re already thinking of you as a potential member of the team.5. The interview goes longA short interview isn’t necessarily a dealbreaker, but if your interview goes longer than the allotted time it likely means that the interviewer is interested enough to have a meaningful, in-depth conversation about the position and your qualifications for it. Particularly if you’re meeting with a single interviewer, a long conversation points to a great level of engagement.6. The interviewer goes into day-to-day job specificsMost interviewers will give an overview of the open position to make sure you understand the job. But if the interviewer takes the time to do a deep dive into the job’s responsibilities and integrates you into the discussion (â€Å"you would be doing X,† â€Å"you would be leading this project,† etc.), it suggests they already see you as a good fit.7. Your thank you note nets a responseNo matter what, you need to send a thank you note as a follow-up to your interview. The interviewer, however, is not obligated to respond in any way. If you send your thank you and you get a response (especially a quick one), it shows that your interviewer is engaged in the process and likely had a positive reaction to your conversation. Bonus points if there are specific references to a point you discussed, because that can help you tell if it’s just an automatic response on their part or a genuinely warm reaction. Tone is everything here.The waiting game after an interview can be one of the most frustrating parts of any job hunt. If you’re able to walk out of the room with any of these positive outcomes behind you, it can help reassure you that things really did go well, and that you’re on the right track for a second interview- or maybe even that job offer.

Urban tourism, heritage and culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Urban tourism, heritage and culture - Essay Example Cultural and heritage centers are remarkable for contributing towards tourism industry, and generating income to towns and communities. Ð ¡ultures and heritages may be remarkable for construction of historical narratives regarding a culture, or concerning particular communities. In most cases, promotion of heritage centers and cultural heritages are not meant for tourism, but to preserve identity of communities for long periods. This heritage may be a form of symbolism, representing spectacular events, which may have shaped the lives and history of the people concerned. The main aspect in conservation of heritages is to maintain these symbols, and the unique characteristics of the preserved heritages are responsible for attracting both local and international tourists, as unique images of identity. Attraction of tourists to heritage sites leads to increased income generated through tourism activities in these regions, and urban tourism may result from this tourist activities. Many a uthorities have therefore reconditioned cities and towns near heritage centers to attract more tourists with an aim of not only preserving heritages, but to increase income in the tourism industry. In this report, the Amiens Cathedral of Notre- Dame in France will be considered as a precious heritage center that has been recognized and listed under UNESCO’s global heritage centers. Historical Background Amiens Cathedral, located in the heart of Picardy is among the largest Gothic churches constructed in the 13th century. The cathedral particularly stands unique in its construction, coherence of its plan, amazing fine displays of sculptures in the principle facade and the South transept, among other spectacular aspects (UNESCO, 2012). The cathedral was initiated in 1152 under the auspices of Bishop Evard, who made huge collections from clergy and people for this noble function (Brown 1846, 100). The cathedral was designed by Robert Lusarche as the architect, but the bishop and Lusdarche did not live to see the completion of the Cathedral that was completed in 1288 (Brown 1846, 100). However, the cathedral was first designed under the Romanesque architecture but was destroyed by fire in 1218, making reconstruction to be carried out in 1220 (UNESCO, 2012). Many of the statues and decorations in the cathedral were completed around 14th century; many years after the completion of the cathedral. The Amiens Cathedral is very different from other cathedrals and buildings in England, and other European locations in many aspects; including both style and design (Brown 1846, 101). This Cathedral is documented to be more advanced and perfect compared to other Gothic architectural works that were prominent during this period (Brown 1846, 101). The French cathedral is in many aspects different from many other cathedrals designed according to the Gothic architecture in this period, making it the most remarkable Gothic architectural work in history. The cathedral was r ecognized in 1972 by UNESCO under the World Heritage Site Agreement, but was to be officially listed as a world heritage in 1981 (Durand 2012, 9).This recognition changed the entire Amiens area, with the town being reconfigured as a tourist’s destination, leading to growth of more tourism infrastructure, consequently attracting thousands of tourists in this area, considering that France is one of the global leading tourist destinations today. Heritages leading to urban tourism Jenkins (1999) uses the word destination image a number of times and in different contexts. The image of any tourist destination is firstly designed in the cognitive opinion of the events, typical features, and character of the place. Increasing the information related to the image of such cities or places through organic means leads to enhanced clarity as Jenkins further elaborates, and this enhanced clarity leads to more tourists flocking these

Indirect Theories and Moral Equality Theories on Kindness to Non-Human Essay

Indirect Theories and Moral Equality Theories on Kindness to Non-Human Animals - Essay Example This means that despite them being non-human animals that â€Å"are not rational, self-conscious beings capable of grasping the moral law† ( 63 ), they still have intrinsic moral worth. According to Kant, animals are not included in the human territory because only humans are capable of creating and understanding moral laws. This also means that while a human, being an â€Å"end in itself† ( 64 ) are not indebted to animals, kindness towards animals â€Å"will help develop good character in us and help us treat our fellow human beings with greater consideration† ( 63 ). Aside from making humans less likely to be cruel to other humans, kindness to animals makes human beings fulfill the indirect duties to humanity, which is a categorical imperative. Kant provides good examples of this claim. A dog, for example, may not have rights like humans do, but letting the dog suffer is a reflection of lack of humanity. Kind treatment of the dog, especially one that has been faithful over time, in not necessarily a human being’s duty towards the animal, but a human being’s duty of â€Å"humanity which it is his duty to show towards mankind† ( 64 ). Cruelty to animals, according to Kant, reflects in humans an immoral tendency that might be inflicted to fellow humans. However, despite the need to be kind to animals, they should not be treated as ends in themselves. Human beings â€Å"serve(s) the will as the objective ground for its self-determination† ( 63 ), yet this is not the same with non-human animals. Animals are a means to an end, and that end is man. This means that while man does not have the right to use other people in ways to serve another human’s end, the case is not the same with animals. Still, one must consider that kindness towards animals is an imperative that will ultimately serve the end purpose that is humanity. Human beings require respect because they are sovereign and have freedom. Such autonomy is important and a creature can only have it by having free will. Since animals do not have the capacity for reason and are not guided by consciousness, they do not really have free will, and are thus not autonomous. Kant has a strong point when he says that one can ask, â€Å"Why do animals exist?† ( 64 ). However, the question â€Å"Why does man exist?† is meaningless ( 64 ). It seems the argument is that animals exist for a specific purpose, and one of those purposes is to serve the goals of man. Kant’s arguments make strong points. However, some amendments may be done according to some principles of consideration. While animals do not have the capacity for reason, are not guided by consciousness, do not really have free will, and are not autonomous, humans should act with â€Å"consideration in satisfying (their) needs and interests† ( 76 ). Singer quotes Bentham: â€Å"The day may come when the rest of the animal creation may acquire those rights wh ich never could have been withholden from them but by the hand of tyranny† ( 76 ). Does this mean that consideration of one’s needs and interests apply to animals as well, and that giving animals rights is utterly necessary to reach this goal? To answer this requires not only a slight reconstruction of Kant’s views, but of Singer’s as well. What is required here is to determine if animals have morally significant needs and interests. The emphasis on moral significance means that withholding such could inflict unnecessary harm and suffering to non-human animals. Do animals have welfare or well-being that could benefit or be harmed by the non-existence of animal rights? It could be possible. However, saying this about a creature lacking logic, consciousness, and free will is tantamount to saying the same regarding a, say, car. Do animals have needs and interes

Study of Impact Shocks in Fencing

Study of Impact Shocks in Fencing Abstract Fencing is a high intensity sport involving dynamic movements which expose the musculoskeletal system to high impact forces that may lead to overuse injuries. One of the most frequently used high impact movements is the lunge. With many different types of sports footwear available providing different levels of midsole cushioning, selecting the most suitable for a sport may be a factor in preventing the onset of injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the magnitudes of the transient axial impact shock experienced at the tibia between traditional fencing shoes and standard athletic footwear during the impact phase of the fencing lunge. Peak tibial shock was measured in 19 male fencers in 4 different footwear conditions using an accelerometer placed on the distal aspect of the tibia. The standard footwear resulted in significant reductions in peak impact shock in comparison to the traditional fencing shoes. Thus the reduction in impact shock found suggests that running or squas h specific footwear may reduce overuse injury occurrence. However, despite this, the majority of participants indicated that they preferred fencing specific footwear for fencing. The results of this study suggest that there is justification for a re-design of fencing shoes. Introduction Competitive fencing (foil, sabre and epee) has experienced a rapid increase in participation rates during the past decade (Harmer, 2008). The sport places unique demands on the athlete and is characterised by asymmetry and the incidence of rapid motions which have the potential to generate large forces (Geil, 2002). In particular, the frequently used lunge which is the basis of most attacking motions is a high impact movement (Kopetka Stewart, 2005). The expansion in participation combined with the biomechanical demands of the sport has led to enhanced awareness of the incidence of injuries associated with fencing. Nonetheless, prospective, epidemiological studies of the incidence of repetitive strain and overuse injuries in fencing are scarce. As a result, it is difficult to draw dependable conclusions regarding the etiology of fencing injuries and their prevention based on impartial information (Roi Bianchedi, 2008). However existing studies indicate that overuse injuries account for approximately 30% of injuries that interfere with training (Carter et al., 1993). The majority of injuries are confined to the lower extremities (e.g., stress fractures, impingement enthesopathies of the patellar tendon and tibia and plantar fascia) associated with fencing (Harmer, 2008, Wild et al., 2001; Zemper Harmer, 1996) characteristic of dynamic activities involving high velocity change in momentum actions (Harmer, 2008). No apparent data has been published providing information regarding the total number of lunges executed during a competitive bout. However, Roi and Bianchedi (2008) suggest that there are anywhere between 66 and 210 attacks (depending on the weapon) during a competition, which given the lunges function as the most common attacking mechanism, it appears that fencers will be regularly subjected to the impact forces imposed by the lunge. One of the characteristics of the foot impacting the surface during a lunge is a rapid change in velocity of the foot and this velocity reaches zero upon foot placement in a short period of time (Whittle, 1999). This impact leads to the transmission of an axial transient shock wave through the body and carries with it the potential for injury. It is important to recognise that loading is necessary for maintenance of cartilage, bone, and muscle health (Stone, 1988). An optimal loading window for tissue strength can be characterized by frequent impacts of certain magnitude, duration, and frequency. Movements beyond the optimal loading window can lead to the breakdown of body tissue and overuse injuries (Hardin et al., 2003). The magnitude of the impact shock is commonly measured using accelerometers. Accelerometers are traditionally placed onto the skin overlying the tibia to quantify the transient impact shockwave during motion. Despite the consensus that soft tissue interferes with the acceleration recording of underlying bone, the utilization of skin mounted devices is considered appropriate provided they are lightweight and rigidly attached to the overlying skin (Shorten and Windslow, 1992). This method has been used to examine the cushioning properties of athletic footwear (Lake Greenhalgh, 2005) and better differentiates between impact conditions compared to data acquired using a force platform (Lafortune Hennig, 1992). The high impact nature of the lunge implies that the lower extremities may be at risk from overuse injuries. To date there is no information available regarding the potentially detrimental effect of the impact accelerations experienced during this movement. However, epidemiological studies suggest that a relationship exists between the magnitude of the transient shockwave and the etiology of a number of lower extremity overuse injuries (Nigg Segesser, 1992). Therefore with a significant number of lunges being undertaken by a fencer and the potential connection between the magnitude of the impact shockwave and the incidence of overuse injuries makes it important to investigate the shock attenuation properties of fencing footwear. The 1992 U.S Fencing Association review of the factors that may contribute to fencing injuries indicates that of the three primary areas for prevention, deficient equipment and facilities may be responsible for as many as 28% of the injuries associated with fencing, with ineffective footwear forming a significant component (Carter et al., 1993). The review noted problems with fencing shoes citing inadequate cushioning as well as the lack of footwear designs that could shield against the high impact nature of the sport, particularly lunging. To reduce injury, Zemper and Harmer (1996) have suggested a redesign of fencing shoes. The primary function of athletic footwear as described by Stacoff et al., (1988) is to provide shock attenuation. The properties of athletic footwear have been linked to the prevention of overuse injuries. With many different types of sports footwear available providing different levels of midsole cushioning, selecting the most suitable for a sport can be vital in preventing the onset of injury. Fencing equipment retailers in the UK offer very few options for specific footwear, with only 2 major brands on offer (Adidas and Hi Tec). It also appears that the fencing shoe has been more specifically designed for the function of the trail foot to enable good grip on the piste as well as maximising the life span of the shoe if dragging the back foot, which is common in fencing. The limited availability of specific shock attenuating footwear to the fencer may predispose fencers to overuse injuries. The majority of studies analyzing the influence of different footwear conditions on impact kinetics have focused on running. Therefore, the aim of the present study was twofold. First, to assess the magnitude of the peak axial tibial transient accelerations associated with the lunge in fencing to provide practitioners with information regarding the potential causes of injury. Secondly, to compare two specific fencing shoes with two standard sports shoes (running and squash) with regards to their shock attenuating properties during the lunge movement. In particular, it was predicted that peak axial transient accelerations were lower in shoes which have been particularly developed for shock absorbing qualities (running and squash shoes) in comparison to fencing shoes during the stance phase of the fencing lunge. Methods Participants Nineteen male (17 right handed and 2 left handed) competitive fencers with a minimum of 2 years experience (Age 25.6 + 8.3 years; Height 1.78 + 0.5 m; Weight 76.8 + 9.0 kg) comprising a mixture of the foil (n=2), epee (n=15) and sabre (n=1) disciplines, volunteered to take part in this study. All were injury free at the time of data collection and completed an informed consent form. The procedure was approved by a university ethical board. Materials Each participant was fitted with four pairs of shoes for the study. The shoes were the same for each participant; they differed in size only (sizes 9 and 10 mens UK sizes) and consisted of a conventional running shoe (Saucony Grid forum), squash shoe (Hi-Tec squash indoor) and fencing shoes (Hi-Tec blade) and (Adidas en guard). A tri-axial (Biometircs ACL 300) accelerometer sampling at 1000Hz was utilized to measure axial accelerations at the tibia. The device was mounted on a piece of lightweight carbon-fibre material. The combined weight of the accelerometer and mounting instrument was 9g. The voltage sensitivity of the signal was set to 100mV/g, allowing adequate sensitivity with a measurement range of  ± 100 g. The device was attached securely to leading leg on the distal anterio-medial aspect of the shank 8 cm above the medial maleolus in alignment with its longitudinal axis. This location was selected as the boniest prominence of the distal tibia in accordance with the Nokes et al., (1984) conclusions to improve the mechanical coupling of the accelerometer mounting to the tibia and reduce artefact due to interposing soft-tissue. The accelerometer was positioned so that acceleration was measured in the direction up the tibia (Figure 1). Strong adhesive tape was placed over the device and the lower leg to avoid overestimating the peak positive acceleration due to tissue artefact. The device was attached as close to the tibia as possible, the skin on overlying the bone itself was stretched thus ensuring a more rigid coupling between accelerometer and tibia. Furthermore, adhesive tape was positioned over the device itself to ensure it was maintained in a fixed position along the longitudinal axis of the tibia. The acceleration signal was sent to a Biometrics data logger with a 2 GB memory card. The data logger was fastened securely to a lightweight backpack to reduce movement of the device during trials. Procedure The fencers completed a suitable warm-up and were allowed two minutes to familiarize themselves with the experimental protocol and footwear condition prior to the commencement of data collection. They were then required to complete ten lunges hitting a dummy with their weapon in each footwear condition whilst returning to a starting point (pre-determined by each participant prior to the commencement of data capture) following each trial to control lunge distance. Each trial was comprised of a lunge where contact between the sword and dummy defined a successful outcome. The starting point for the movement was adjusted and maintained. The order in which the different footwear conditions were worn was randomized. Upon conclusion of the data collection participants were asked to subjectively indicate which shoe they preferred for fencing. Kinetic data was quantified/processed using Biometrics data-log software. The stance phase of each trial was acquired from each accelerometer signal for analysis. Peak positive axial tibial acceleration was defined as the highest positive acceleration peak measured during the stance phase after a 60Hz 1st order low pass filter had been implemented in accordance with the Lake and Greenhalgh (2005) recommendations. The mean values of the footfalls per participant/condition for the axial component of the acceleration signal was quantified and used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each variable including means and standard deviations. Differences between footwear conditions were examined via a within subjects repeated measures analysis of variance with significance accepted at the p Results A statistical power analysis of pilot data was conducted in order to reduce the likelihood of a type II error and determine the minimum number of participants needed for this investigation. It was found that the sample size was sufficient to provide more than 80% of statistical power in the experimental measure. Figure 2 provides the mean and standard deviations for the peak tibial accelerations for the four different shoe types. The Mauchlys sphericity assumption was violated and as such the degrees of freedom of the F statistic was adjusted via the Greenhouse Geisser correction. The Shapiro-Wilk statistic for each footwear condition confirmed that the data was normally distributed. The analysis of variance was significant (F (1.97, 35.52) = 16.31; P Discussion The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the magnitude of the transient acceleration between traditional fencing shoes and standard athletic footwear during the impact phase of the fencing lunge. The results of this study support our hypothesis, in that the magnitudes of the axial impact shockwaves were significantly lower in both the running and squash shoes compared to the traditional fencing footwear. The transient shockwave is linked to the development of a variety of overuse injuries (Whittle, 1999). It is essential to acknowledge the link between the magnitude of these forces and overuse injuries, as the frequency of these conditions can be reduced by attenuating the impact magnitude (Whittle, 1999). Therefore the significant reduction in impact shock found would suggest that running/squash footwear may assist in the reduction of overuse injury occurrence. Interestingly, despite the higher impact magnitude and concerns regarding the potential development of overuse injuries, the majority of participants indicated that they preferred fencing specific footwear for fencing. This finding agrees with those of Geil (2002) who hypothesized that this finding centred on plantar sensory proprioceptive mechanisms, whereby the feel of the fencing piste underneath the foot is reduced in shoes that offer a high degree of midsole cushioning. Geil (2002) suggested that footwear may influence fencing performance. They noted that increased midsole cushioning and travel of the foot during compression may lead to slower motion of the feet, which in turn could contribute to diminished velocity of the weapon hand, reducing the overall execution quality of the movement itself. Based on these findings it appears that midsole cushioning properties should play only a partial role in the design characteristics of an effective fencing shoe. Fencing involves a number of movement strategies in addition to the lunge, and as such shoe designs must cater to this. Fencers like most athletes require sure footing during competition; as such footwear designs must deliver adequate traction to provide stability during lunging, attacking and retreating motions. Furthermore, the medial forefoot of the trail shoe is an area traditionally subjected to high abrasion forces and thus heavy wear. Manufacturers should therefore focus attention on developing more resistant materials for this purpose to prolong the lifespan of the shoe. Whilst shock attenuation is the primary function of midsole cushioning, the elastic energy stored and recovered by cushioning systems has been proposed as a mechanism by which the oxygen cost of movement can be reduced. Given the aerobic demands the sport of fencing places on the athlete (Roi Bianchedi, 2008) additional research should focus on this factor as it may serve to slow the onset of fatigue and improve performance. The results of this study however, suggest that there is some justification for the Zemper and Harmer (1996) recommendations regarding the re-design of fencing shoes due to the demonstrated high transient impact forces on the front foot during the lunge. The primary design dilemma facing footwear manufacturers is to include features that would serve to attenuate the large impact forces and help reduce overuse injuries. At the same time, the design characteristics should also provide the fencer with an adequate feel for the fencing piste beneath the foot. The severe angle between foot-segment and ground on initial contact is also significant when designing the shoe. The shoe cushioning system must therefore provide protection in the extreme rear of the heel, an area not normally associated with consistent high impact forces in other sports. The obvious asymmetry of the sport presents a challenge to footwear manufacturers and arguments can be made for the development of asymmetrical footwear designs. Several different surfaces in fencing are used. Surface stiffness can have a significant influence on the magnitude of the impact shock during landing (Kim et al., 1994). This study was conducted during training sessions on a training surface as opposed to a traditional piste used during competition thus the results obtained may not adequately represent actual competition. During competition a hard floor can be used, as well as a metallic piste (either a cloth placed over the hard floor or a hard metallic piste). Future research should therefore concentrate on the magnitude of the impact shock during competition on a true fencing piste. Limitations Accelerometry is a complicated approach and methodological problems can affect the efficacy of collected data (Lake and Greenhalgh 2005). The magnitude of the signal obtained from the accelerometer is dependent on the mounting interaction, making cross study comparisons difficult. Soft tissue artefact can also influence the acceleration recording of underlying bone (Light et al., 1980). Attaching the device directly to bone represents the most accurate method of measuring impact shock and further work is necessary to determine the efficacy of the less traumatic skin mounting technique. The device signal is also reliant on the centripetal acceleration due to angular motion of the shank in the sagittal plane during ground contact (Lafortune and Hennig 1991). Lake and Greenhalgh (2005) noted that despite the application of a distally mounted device, correction for angular motion may still be necessary. Further research should be conducted to investigate the necessary signal corrections for angular motion. Another potential limitation/restriction of this study is that the results obtained are entirely specific to the footwear and ground surface conditions, any variation in these parameters would most likely cause changes to the participants fencing kinetics/kinematics. In addition this study analyzed the lunge motion only. The lunge represents a high impact motion; however there are other movements of lower intensity which may still be important in terms of the development of overuse injuries. Therefore, additional research is necessary regarding the influence of footwear on the magnitude of the transient shockwave during different fencing movements before appropriate prescriptions of fencing footwear can be made. References Carter, C., Heil, J., and Zemper E. (1993). What hurts and why Data from the 1992 USFA Fencing Injury Survey shows some common culprits. 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Determining the protective function of sports footwear. Ergonomics, 43, 1610-1621. Lake, M.J., and Greenhalgh, A. (2005). Impact shock measurements during running correction for angular velocity of the shank is necessary. Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics. Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Nigg, B.M., Segesser, B. (1992). Biomechanical and orthopaedic concepts in sport shoe construction. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, 595-602. Nokes, L., Fairclough, J.A., Mintowt-Czyz, W.J., Mackie, I., and Williams, J., (1984). Vibrational analysis of human tibia: The effect of soft tissue on the output from skin mounted accelerometers. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 6, 223-226. Roi, G.S., and Bianchedi, D. (2008). The Science of Fencing Implications for Performance and Injury Prevention. Sports Medicine, 38, 465-481. Shorten, M.R., and Winslow, D.S. (1992). Spectral Analysis of Impact Shock During Running. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics, 8, 288-304. Stacoff, A., Denoth, J., Kaelin, X., and Stuessi, E. (1988). Running injuries and shoe construction: some possible relationships. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 4, 342-357. Whittle, M.W. (1999). The generation and attenuation of transient forces beneath the foot; a review. Gait and Posture, 10, 264-275. Wild, AM., Jaeger, C., Poehl, C., Werner, A., Raab, P., and Krauspe, R. (2001). Morbidity profile of high performance fencers. Sportverletz Sportschaden, 15, 59-61. Zemper, E.D., Harmer, P.A. (1996). Fencing. In D.J. Calne, C.G. Caine, K.J. Lindner (ed.), Epidemiology of Sports Injuries (pp 186-195). Champaign, IL Human Kinetics.